Coastal demo site

Coast of Catalonia, ES

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Prognosis

Current climate impact trends will exacerbate existing problems regarding water supply, biodiversity loss, flooding and salination.

Situation

The 600km long Catalan coast in north-eastern Spain has a wide array of geographical and biodiversity systems that provide ecosystem services. While it’s quite representative of other coastal regions and the Mediterranean, this area is a hotspot of tourism, natural and societal factors, economic activities and interests, urbanisation, agriculture, and critical infrastructure and industries. These compete for resources and make the region highly vulnerable to climate change impacts.

Climate related issues

Rising sea level

Low-lying estuaries, land and infrastructure are prone to floods.

Biodiversity loss

Increasingly frequent and intense marine storms impact coastal species.

Water supply

Chronic water scarcity is aggravated by climate change and tourism.

Key actions

We are creating digital decision support tools for climate change mitigation and adaptation and also:

  • increasing water availability and quality through hybrid decentralised management systems;
  • developing monitoring methods to mitigate the effect of sea-level rise and marine storms on coastal erosion; 
  • assessing pathogen resilience of drinking water treatment plants;
  • creating tools to predict trends of extreme events and their economic impact. 

Co-creation of these solutions is at the heart of our approach; key stakeholders are included in designing and validation.

Contact us

Queralt Plana

Eurecat
queralt.plana[@]eurecat.org

Gabriel Borràs

Eurecat
gborras[@]gencat.cat

Events

News

Resources

Relevant sectors:

Municipality

Citizens

Spatial planning

Water utilities

Agriculture

Tourism

Transport infrastructures

Our ambitions

“Climate change effects and their consequences are becoming more evident along the Catalan Coast. Climate adaptation measures are required in this region to ensure a safe environment and human health.

Within the Coastal demonstration site, we defined ambitious goals for the IMPETUS project. These ambitions are aligned with the Work Programme on Climate Change Adaptation proposed by the Government of Catalonia. The solutions include digital tools, guidelines and physical implementations to support local and regional decision-makers. Stakeholders’ engagement and enhanced behavioural change are strengthened to co-create and co-design adaptation strategies. There is also a keen interest to transfer and replicate such an approach to similar Coastal regions. 

Do you want to learn a bit more about our work? Feel free to contact us.” 

Queralt Plana, Eurecat

  • Hold introductory meetings with relevant stakeholders
  • Implement hybrid decentralised water management systems
  • Validate prediction tools for river sediment transport management
  • Promote dune restoration and wetland construction, assessing impacts on biodiversity
  • Promote resilient tourism strategies
  • Implement tools for predicting extreme events trends and related economic impacts
  • Implement tools for assessing water-borne diseases prevention
  • Run learning activities about the regional adaptation and innovation packages
  • Incentivise the Catalan government to adopt the regional innovation package
  • Make demonstrated solutions available for other coastal communities
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Composite graphic including quote text, logos, background colours and photo of a smiling man.
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Issues

  • Sea-level rise threatens low-lying coasts, especially deltas and estuaries. Flash flooding and related damage from irregular rainfall and marine flooding are problematic, particularly in densely populated areas.
Learn more
  • Increasingly frequent and intense marine storms impact coastal assets and species.
Learn more
  • Chronic water scarcity is aggravated by climate change, tourism and dependencies on river transfers, desalination plants and reclaimed water.
Learn more

Region-specific solutions

Below sea-level multifunctional wetlands to adapt to sea-level rise

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Constructed wetlands have been used to treat urban wastewater but are rarely applied to agricultural wastewater. Nutrients, metals, pesticides and organic pollutants have been successfully removed at rates of 30-99%, using processes such as adsorption, precipitation, filtration, sedimentation, microbial degradation, and plant uptake.

Our approach:

  • Construct a multifunctional wetland, including novel active layers, in flood-risk below-sea-level areas used for agriculture.
  • Operate this on a pilot basis using different management strategies (wet/dry periods), using solar pumping to feed it with agricultural wastewater, and remove nutrients, pesticides, and organic pollutants before discharge.
  • Evaluate the ecosystem services of this wetland: water quality improvement, coastal protection, biodiversity and climate regulation (carbon sequestration), and compare them to the centralised systems currently in place.
  • Demonstrate feasibility for decentralised systems such as near-sea on-farm small wetlands;
  • Test that this approach aligns with internationally accepted nature-based solution principles and elaborate a plan for upscaling the solution.

Sand dune restoration and monitoring

UDG-GironaU_02
Human pressure, landscape use and how nature is valued, affect beach dune systems and can result in conflicts of interest. To prevent this, IMPETUS is implementing nature-based solutions such as dune restoration. On the Catalan coast, the project is monitoring and analysing the current dune system and assessing the impacts of climate change, such as through the frequency and intensity of marine storms, as well as the human impact mainly through tourism.

Our approach:

  • Test, monitor and assess restoration actions on tourist beaches regarding their resilience against marine storms.
  • Enhance biodiversity and promote citizens’ behavioural change.
  • Test that the solution aligns with the IUCN Global Standard for nature-based solutions.
  • Propose guidelines to improve the effectiveness of other restoration actions and create a plan for upscaling dune restoration in coastal Catalonia.

Decentralised, hybrid, fit-for-use reclamation system for increasing water availability

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Decentralised systems to treat grey water before discharge or re-use commonly use conventional or advanced technologies, such as a membrane bioreactor or nature-based solutions (NBS) such as constructed wetlands.

Our approach:

  • Design a compact hybrid decentralised water reclamation system and install it in a tourist camping complex.
  • Take into account challenges linked to the seasonal occupation of the complex.
  • Assess the quality of water produced and its suitability for irrigation and cleaning purposes.
  • Demonstrate the feasibility of the system, showing that in these circumstances hybrid treatment reduces energy requirements and the system footprint.

Sediment delivery to coastal areas via irrigation networks

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To help protect coastal areas against sea-level rise and flooding, river sediments need to accumulate at the coast. IMPETUS proposes a computational model to track the sediment transport capacity of rivers and irrigation channels as a step towards improved sediment management.

Our approach:

  • Use irrigation networks to deliver river sediments to agricultural areas below sea level in the most threatened coastal areas.
  • Use Computational Fluid Dynamics to model the irrigation system of a test delta estuary site in the region.
  • Validate the existing computational tools for the Ebro Delta context, to support local decision making about water irrigation management.
  • Make these computational tools available for use in similar environments that need strategies for efficient sediment transport.

Improving bathing water quality in extreme storm events

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Disease-causing microbes such as E.coli bacteria can cause stomach pain and cramps, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea or even respiratory or blood infections. Climate change can make such microbes more prevalent and better able to infect humans, for example when bathing in the sea or camping in sites with inadequate sewage treatment.

Our approach:

  • Use existing tools that predict, monitor and manage water-borne diseases.
  • Implement a Combined Sewer Overflow management tool that uses advanced online pathogen monitoring and water quality models to prevent water quality decrease.

Increasing drinking water plant resilience to water-borne pathogens

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Blue-green algae grow well in temperatures of around 25°C. Algal blooms usually develop during the warmer months of the year, when water temperature is higher and there is more sunlight, but a warming climate provides optimal conditions more often or for longer. Freshwater, estuarine and marine algae can impact water quality, in some cases leading to health risks for people, stock, wildlife and domestic animals.

Our approach:

  • Implement advanced monitoring tools in freshwater reservoirs to predict algal bloom events.
  • Prevent algal growth in reservoirs using technology based on ultrasonic treatment.
  • Evaluate solar disinfection for the removal of algal toxins during drinking water treatment.
  • Implement quantitative microbial risk assessment techniques.
  • Develop a decision support tool to consider specificities regarding the most vulnerable coastal regions and evaluate the resilience of current drinking water treatment systems.

Changes in the spatial distribution of species

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Where different species of plants and animals live and thrive is highly dependent on factors such as the underlying geology and soil, the topography of the landscape, how much disturbance it experiences and which other organisms are there to provide food or competition. The climate is another, very significant factor.

Our approach:

  • Use the latest modelling techniques and analytical frameworks to explore how likely it is that species will change their distributions in the region because of climate change.
  • Assess potential changes in the spatial distributions of a wide range of species in coastal dunes and marshlands along the Catalonian coast, comparing projected future distributional changes with past and current distributions, taking advantage of the IMPETUS digital toolkits.
  • Classify the assessed species (including vertebrates, invertebrates and plants) according to their risk of local extinction or significant decrease in local populations and their opportunities to expand their ranges.
  • Identify climate change adaptation measures that could strengthen the resilience of target species and ecosystems.

Satellite-based coastal erosion hot-spot assessment

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IMPETUS will assess the impact on coastal erosion by studying the effects of past and future alterations of wave dynamics and morpho-hydrological conditions.

Our approach:

  • Establish a consistent time and spatial coverage of the Catalan coast by combining reliable datasets with synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) detection.
  • Determine which areas are most vulnerable to coastal erosion, which will be key to identifying critical infrastructure in relation to the probable occurrence of extreme events.

Economic impact assessment of physical climate risk

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Socio-economic tools and risk projections make it possible to assess climate risks and establish projections and metrics regarding future investments.

Our approach:

  • Identify highly vulnerable hot-spots using open datasets for Copernicus services and satellite-derived variables.
  • Transform this knowledge into a specific regional model and include this in the demo site Resilience Knowledge Booster (RKB).
  • Use the RKB and regional model to generate economic assessment metrics that can be used to aid decision-making about investments and future mitigation plans.

Pursuing behavioural change for climate-resilient tourism

Universitat Rovira i Virgili
Persuading people to change their behaviour and sustain new behaviours over time is a major challenge. People who live and work in any region that is impacted by climate change need to understand what the risks and challenges are, how they can make positive changes, and how this can benefit them as well as the environment.

Our approach:

  • Set up small thematic groups of regional stakeholders and present them with hypothetical situations regarding climate change impacts.
  • Increase awareness about climate change impacts, especially in the tourism sector.
  • Co-design and demonstrate specific solutions for climate change adaptation in the tourism sector.
  • Promote behavioural change among all ranks of employees in companies in the tourism sector.
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Rising sea level

The effects of sea level rise are already visible today: between 1995 and 2015, Catalan beaches receded by an average of 0.44 meters yearly. Coastal erosion, due to sea level rise and more frequent storms, is expected to increase with climate change. This hazard will have an increased impact in areas with infrastructures and natural habitats located very close to the seashore, as in the IMPETUS Coastal demo site in Catalonia.

*Sea level (mean sea level) is an average surface level of one or more among Earth’s coastal bodies of water from which heights such as elevation may be measured.

Annual shoreline map of Santa Susana 1984 to 2023
Annual shoreline map of Santa Susana 1984 to 2023
Wetlands
Coastal Catalonia
Coastal Catalonia

"In Santa Susana municipality we are implementing a comprehensive sustainability strategy that includes interventions for renaturing the maritime frontline to build the resilience of our coast to sea-level rise and coastal erosion. Any support to visualise and quantify the positive impacts of such activities on coastal erosion is key to inform our next steps and demonstrate the benefits of climate change adaptation measures to other coastal municipalities.”

Rafael Moreno, Manager of the Intelligent Touristic Destination of Santa Susanna’s city council

Issue

On the Catalan coast, in Spain, the population density is particularly high along the coast, raised by a high tourist activity. Half of coastal municipalities have reported damage to existing beach infrastructure. 

Looking ahead, sea levels are projected to rise even more, by 21 to 25 cm by the middle of the century. This will increase coastal erosion, putting communities, infrastructures, and natural habitats at risk.

Concerns are particularly high in the Catalan coast, where nearly 60% of the first 100 meters along the coast are urbanised. This exacerbates vulnerability in sectors such as transportation, energy, sanitation, communications, ports and infrastructure. An illustrative example is one of the main railway lines, which runs along the coast and must be relocated further inland.

Despite having significant data available on coastal erosion, coastal managers have yet to fully utilise it for practical purposes. IMPETUS aims to make coastal erosion data easily available, facilitating coastline management and fostering better planning for the future.

Biodiversity loss
Water supply
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Biodiversity loss

In coastal Catalonia, rising sea levels, more frequent and intense storms, and other climate-related factors are causing significant changes in coastal ecosystems:

For instance, in the Ebro Delta, a highly anthropized area, biodiversity has adapted in recent decades to exploit different survival niches. Specific species groups, such as waterbirds or salt-tolerant plants, have adjusted their distribution areas to ongoing environmental changes. Various studies predict an increase in temperature between 1.5 and 2 °C and a rise in sea level between 10 and 30 cm in the Mediterranean region by the year 2050. This shift in environmental variables will alter their distribution areas to survive.

*Biodiversity is the variety of life on Earth, in all its forms, from genes and bacteria to entire ecosystems such as forests or coral reefs.

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Coastal Catalonia
Coastal Catalonia

"People need to understand how climate change is affecting coastal biodiversity and ecosystems By doing so, we can help mitigate and adapt to the new conditions providing tools that enable more effective conservation actions”

Catherine Numa, ICUN

Issue

The Catalan coast faces a multitude of challenges that threaten its rich biodiversity. ising sea levels, more frequent and intense storms, and other climate-related factors have an impact on the distribution, abundance, and survival of species, leading to biodiversity loss, the arrival of invasive alien species, and disruptions in vital ecosystem functioning and services such as shoreline protection. This not only compromises the resilience to climate change impacts but also affects the trophic web and fisheries, diminishing the region’s genetic resources and its potential for adaptation and innovation. Furthermore, the decline in biodiversity undermines the cultural heritage and recreational value of the area, ultimately affecting the livelihoods and well-being of local populations.

For example, the increase in temperature and sea level could result in a 75% habitat loss for waterfowl in the Ebro Delta. Sustainable management of alternative habitats, such as rice fields in the area, may serve as a buffer against the impacts of climate change for thousands of birds that utilize wetlands annually.

Rising sea level
Water supply
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Water supply

According to UN, the quantity and duration of the droughts has been increased a 30% since 2000, mainly due to the climate change and high temperature that favour the water evaporation. By 2050, it is expected that the 75% of the world population will be affected by the droughts and will be forced to emigrate to other regions. In IMPETUS Coastal region, droughts are already affecting water availability and its use.

*Water scarcity occurs when the water supply is not sufficient to cover the demand, water infrastructure is inadequate, or institutions are failing to balance everyone’s needs.

Coastal Catalonia
Coastal Catalonia
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water supply1

“In Catalonia, there is a chronic water scarcity which has been (and will be) aggravated by climate change. During the last decade extreme events have been occurring such as severe storms and prolonged droughts. In IMPETUS, we work to mitigate the impact of the climate change on water scarcity, and the tourism industry.”

Queralt Plana, Eurecat

Issue

Climate change is making extreme weather events like storms and droughts more likely and more severe. For instance, drought periods are cyclic phenomena though they are becoming frequent impacting the available water quantity and its quality.

Europe is experiencing an increase of water scarcity and droughts, especially in Mediterranean regions like Catalonia. Catalan watersheds have dropped below 15% of their reservoirs’ capacity due to the low precipitation, and the increase of temperature. And since February 4, the Catalan Government declared the state of emergency because of the prolonged drought.

Drought periods increased by climate change not only promote the chronic water scarcity in Catalonia, but also the population growth and tourism. Thus, there is a need to optimise the water used, improve the integrated water management, and implement control equipment together with early warning systems.

Within the IMPETUS Coastal demo case, adaptation solutions will be tested and demonstrated to face these challenges affecting water supply. For example, strategies for climate resilient tourism, decentralised systems for water reuse, predict and prevent water quality deterioration caused by extreme storm or droughts events, etc.

 

Biodiversity loss
Rising sea level
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Oversvømmelse og vannforvaltning

Tromsø by ligger på en øy i det nordlige Norge, og sentrum er bygget langs sjøsiden. Tromsø har vært en by i rask vekst i mange år, og ny bebyggelse er bygget ut i havet gjennom masseutfylling.

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Problemstilling

I Tromsø by er ny bebyggelse og infrastruktur spesielt sårbar for havnivåstigning og stormflo. Andre lavtliggende områder som gamlebyen, bygde kulturminner og nærings- og industriområder, er også berørt.

Tromsø påvirkes også av flom på grunn av plutselig snøsmelting, som oppstår når temperaturen om vinteren plutselig stiger langt over smeltepunktet, værsitasjoner aom ofte er forbundet med kraftig regn. Slike hendelser forventes å øke med klimaendringer.

Disse klimarisikoene er utfordrende for planlegging av tilpasning, både på kort og lang sikt, ettersom de er komplekse og påvirker både offentlige og private eiendommer.

Det arktiske demonstrasjonsområdet utvikler en digital tvilling som et verktøy til støtte for kommunal tilpasningsplanlegging.

Risikoen for naturfarer øker
Bærekraftig forvaltning av fiskeri og havmiljø
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Risikoen for naturfarer øker

Nord-Norge er et unikt landskap med fjell som stiger opp av havet og fjordene. Dette utgjør en stor utfordring for veinettet, kraftoverføringslinjer og annen viktig infrastruktur.

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"Forekomsten av sørpeskred og våte snøskred vil øke etter hvert som nedbøren i Arktis øker med opptil 40 % med klimaendringer. Vi må være forberedt på å tilpasse oss disse skredfarene for å gjøre det trygt i fjellet, på veiene og i bygder."

Louise Vick, UiT The Arctic University of Norway

"Risikoen for jordskred for arktiske lokalsamfunn øker på grunn av økt skredfrekvens som følge av klimaendringer og urbanisering. Vi forstår ikke fullt ut sammenhengen mellom hendelsesfaktorer som nedbør og fjellskråningskollaps som fører til jordskred. Denne sammenhengen må undersøkes nærmere for å få pålitelige og troverdige varslinger."

Louise Vick, UiT The Arctic University of Norway

Problemstilling

Mange landsbyer og veier er bygget i flatt terreng nederst i en fjellskråning ved kysten eller i en dalbunn. Dette gjør at mye av infrastrukturen er utsatt for tyngdekraftssrelaterte naturfarer som snøskred, jordskred og steinsprang.

Med et varmere og våtere klima i Nord-Norge forventes det at omfanget og hyppigheten av tyngdekraftsrelaterte naturfarer vil endre seg.

Bærekraftig forvaltning av fiskeri og havmiljø
Oversvømmelse og vannforvaltning
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Bærekraftig forvaltning av fiskeri og havmiljø

Økende havtemperaturer, havforsuring, stigende havnivå og hyppigere og kraftigere ekstremværhendelser har betydelig innvirkning på fiskens leveområder, vandringsmønstre og reproduksjonssykluser.

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"Etter hvert som havmiljøene utsettes for stress på grunn av klimaendringene, og samfunnet har større behov for plass i kystsonen, håper vi at integreringen av Marin arealplanleggings rammeverket vil føre til bedre informerte beslutninger og til bedre klimatilpasning i regionen."

Andreas H. Hagset, Project Manager, Troms Fylkeskommune

Problemstilling

Global oppvarming og konsekvenser av denne påvirker fiskeriproduktivitet, fiskens reproduksjon og helse, samt endrer havmiljøet. Dette fører til endringer i fiskebestanders utbredelse og størrelse, noe som påvirker fiskerinæringen og lokale områders egnethet for bærekraftig havbruk. Økningen i ekstreme værhendelser som en del av klimaendringene forsterker disse problemene ytterligere, og øker risikoen for biologisk ubalanse, for eksempel på grunn av skadelige algeoppblomstringer. Disse klimarelaterte utfordringene krever planleggingsstrategier for klimatilpasning på både kort og lang sikt.

For å løse dette utvikler det Arktiske demonstrasjonsområdet et Geografisk informasjonssystem (GIS)-basert visualiseringsverktøy, som skal støtte utforming av beslutninger om marin arealplanlegging i samarbeid mellom planleggere og berørte parter for bedre planlegging for fiskeri, havbruk og andre marine sektorer.

Oversvømmelse og vannforvaltning
Risikoen for naturfarer øker
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Extreme events

Reports from European Environment Agency indicate that over the past decades, Europe has been experiencing frequent and severe weather and climate-related natural hazards like droughts, forest fires, heatwaves, storms and heavy rain. Climate change will make these events even more intense and more frequent. The summer of 2024 was the hottest on record for Europe and globally. While up to recently the extreme events were not considered usual in Zemgale region, experience from few previous seasons raise precautions. In summer 2024, there were heaviest rains that Latvia has experienced since 1945.

The impact of various extreme weather events has been particularly pronounced in places with high population density, such as the city of Jelgava. The region’s flat topography and land surface elevation relative to sea level result in high groundwater levels, which place additional stress on the city’s drainage and storm water drainage systems.

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Storm in Zemgale – damage on tourism infrastructure, 2023 (© Latvian Radio)
Storm in Zemgale – damage on tourism infrastructure, 2023 (© Latvian Radio)
Storm in Zemgale, 2023 (© Latvian Radio)
Storm in Zemgale, 2023 (© Latvian Radio)
Damaged corn field in Zemgale, 2023 (© Latvian Radio)
Damaged corn field in Zemgale, 2023 (© Latvian Radio)

Issue

In Jelgava, the main challenges from rainfall include high risk of flooding and damage to infrastructure during prolonged rainfall. The Lielupe River and its tributary floodplains, as well as low topography and high-water tables, make drainage and stormwater drainage systems difficult to operate. The extreme rainfall of July 2024 confirms that the existing sewerage system is inadequate to cope with such situations.  In the region’s rural areas, the threats affect both settlements and villages and fertile agricultural land, which plays an important role in the region’s economy.

Storms are the second most pronounced weather extreme in the region and, although on average winds are not expected to change significantly over the 21st century, by the end of the century (relative to the period 1971-2000) there will be a greater number of both windless days and stormy days per year.  In recent years, the Zemgale region has been severely affected by thunderstorms and storms that have brought heavy rainfall in the form of both rain and hail, destroying agricultural crops and damaging infrastructure in many places. Severe storms in summer and early autumn, when trees and shrubs are still in leaves, have caused severe damage.

Climatologists believe that the current extreme values will become the norm in the future, while extreme weather events will cause even more damage. Climate models also predict an increase in total annual precipitation over the 21st century, with an average annual precipitation in Latvia of 775.7 [±60.0] mm for minor, 806.5 [±72.8] mm for moderate and 814.2 [±79.7] mm for major climate change. Predictions foresee substantial increase in duration of heatwaves from climatic norm of 8 days to 16 [±8] days for minor, 22 [±9] days for moderate and 33 [±12] days for major climate change.

Forecasting extreme weather events is quite complicated task, as these events are characterized by short-term nature, they and spatially limited, and thus short warning times are operational. Measures for adaptation to climate change thus become essential by preparedness for more days with extreme temperatures and for more extreme precipitation events. Decision-makers and local authorities need data and information to make the necessary preparations in advance by adapting to the different scenarios and possible consequences.

Within activities of IMPETUS project, the Adaptation Pathways are elaborated for Zemgale region with particular focus on flooding occurrences from river spring floods and heavy rain events:

  • Adaptation pathways are developed to support in better management of river flood risks and heavy rain floods (flash floods).
  • Aimed to implement a set of measures for reducing the frequency and extent of flooded areas in both rural (agricultural) land and urban settlements.
  • In exchange with the stakeholders, adaptation options are identified, assessed and included in the pathways to increase adaptive capacity in Zemgale region.
  • Structural measures, e.g., upgrading of existing drainage and stormwater drainage systems, and aligning them with nature-based solutions for water retention in rural and urban areas, and cleaning of riverbeds are considered.
  • Non-structural measures for improving flood risk early warning system (EWS), increasing awareness of inhabitants and improving the efficiency of actions of competent authorities in case of floor risks are addressed.
Flooding
Eutrophication
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Flooding

Zemgale is a very flat region, located in a lowland area with a high density of rivers. The Lielupe River is characterized by its slow course, due to Zemgale’s flat topography and the low gradient of the riverbed. The height of the Lielupe floodplain does not exceed 1 m above water level. Downstream of Jelgava, the Lielupe River drops only 5-10 cm/km. The riverbed is much lower than the average level of the Baltic Sea.

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River Svēte in Jelgava; Photo by Valters Toropovs
River Svēte in Jelgava; Photo by Valters Toropovs
Flooded area in city of Jelgava; photo by Zemgale planning region
Flooded area in city of Jelgava; photo by Zemgale planning region

Issue

Climate change in the Zemgale region by the end of the 21st century will have a major impact on the hydrological regime.  One of the most significant changes will be increased precipitation: under a moderate climate change scenario, winter precipitation will increase by 24-38%, while under a significant climate change scenario, precipitation is expected to increase by as much as 35-51%. Maximum daily precipitation will increase by about 3-6 mm, in some places by as much as 10-12 mm. On a seasonal basis, the greatest increases in precipitation are expected during the winter and spring seasons, so that the risk of flash flooding increases significantly during the cool season, when evapotranspiration is not intense. Periods of high rainfall will alternate with prolonged droughts, which will have a particular impact on heavy rainfall events, increasing the frequency of flash floods. During heavy rainfall, short, localised flooding can be observed in both larger and smaller towns, as well as in flat rural areas.

One of the activities in Zemgale in the IMPETUS project is the improvement of the Flood Early Warning System using the HEC-RAS 2D model. This model simulates water flow in two dimensions, which is particularly useful for flood modelling and forecasting. The HEC-RAS 2D model uses two-dimensional Diffusion Wave Equations to calculate the water flow. The developed model performs 2D

Key Benefits of Using Such a Hydraulic Model

  1. Accuracy and Detail: The HEC-RAS 2D model provides high accuracy and detail, which is essential for flood risk assessment and management.
  2. Integration: The HEC-RAS 2D model can be integrated with other geographic information systems (GIS), facilitating data processing and visualization.
  3. Early Warning Systems: The model is crucial for the development of early warning systems, as it allows for the prediction of flood spread and impact, thereby helping to timely warn residents and take necessary measures.
  4. This solution automatically reads hydrological forecast data from the forecast system of the Latvian Environment, Geology and Meteorology Centre.

These model results are crucial for the operation of the Early Warning System, which uses this data to identify potential flood areas and prepare warnings at the property (cadastral unit) level.

Eutrophication
Extreme events
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High temperatures

Record-breaking summertime temperatures have been recorded in the Netherlands in recent years. With global temperatures rising, such extreme weather events will occur more often, and for longer periods. Prolonged high temperatures, with warm nights as well as hot days, can cause heat stress* and related health issues, particularly among city populations.

*Heat stress occurs when the human body cannot get rid of excess heat and can impact wellbeing through conditions such as heat stroke, exhaustion, cramps and rashes.

Map of Zeeland and Rotterdam in the Netherlands
Zeeland and Rotterdam in the Netherlands (© ESCI)
Heat stress map of Zierikzee in Zeeland
Heat stress map of Zierikzee in Zeeland (© N&S)

"We want to enable municipality decision makers who are working on spatial developments to identify heat stress 'hot spots' and cool areas, analyse the future effects of climate change, and model the effect of different heat stress-reducing measures. The tool must provide them with an easy starting point to integrate heat stress risks in their projects."

Martine Rottink, Nelen & Schuurmans

Issue

Despite the cooling effect of the sea in the region of Zeeland, the growing risk of heat stress has become a concern.

Elderly and other vulnerable people are more impacted by the effects of prolonged heat, which can cause headaches, dizziness, insomnia and other health issues – even death. Excess temperatures also affect general comfort and liveability of cities. Water quality can be reduced, both for drinking and swimming, and infrastructure can be affected. Buildings and concrete surfaces trap heat, potentially leading to damage, and release it during the night, keeping temperatures warm.

During heat waves, it is important that everyone has access to a cool and comfortable place. Appropriate spatial planning can help to decrease and deal with heat stress. Environmental factors like water bodies, trees, and shade have a major impact on stress caused by high temperatures. Therefore, planting trees, removing concrete surfaces, creating green roofs and cool spaces can improve our comfort and health. The IMPETUS Atlantic team is developing a digital tool to support regional decision making for city planning to address these needs.

Flood risk
Energy and waste water
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Flood risk

By 2050, sea-level within this region is predicted to rise by 15-40 cm, with more frequent extreme weather and more (severe) storms triggered by climate change. These changes will exacerbate the natural risk of flooding in the IMPETUS ‘Atlantic’ region, because it is surrounded by rivers and the sea, and is below sea level.

*Risk takes into account two aspects; the chance that an event will occur and the negative impact of such an event once it occurs. When there is a low chance that an event will occur, but its impacts are huge, the risk is still significant.

Zeeland dike
Zeeland dike
Elevation map of Rotterdam and Zeeland
Elevation map of the IMPETUS 'Atlantic' site (© N&S)
Flood risk map of Rotterdam and Zeeland
Flood risk map of the IMPETUS 'Atlantic' site (© N&S)
Elevation map of part of the Netherlands
Elevation map of part of the Netherlands (© N&S)

“In the Netherlands, an extensive system of dikes protects us against sea and river flooding. We have always put our faith in this defence and focused almost solely on flood prevention. However, pressure on our system will increase with climate change and rising sea levels. To adapt and maintain a safe living environment, we should develop other safety measures, like more robust spatial planning and contingency plans."

Martine Rottink, Nelen & Schuurmans

Issue

Rotterdam city, is located in Rijnmond – ‘mouth of the Rhine’. The Rhine river flows through this densely populated area and characterises the region. Protections such as sea dikes and storm surge barriers have been constructed to protect the region, but flooding still occurs.

People living in the city are accustomed to seeing smaller floods. The changing climate affects the interplay between rainfall, river levels and sea storms, increasing the flooding risk. Water levels could rise by a few metres, even in populated areas, with potentially massive impacts. 

Mitigation measures such as storm surge barriers reduce the chance that high water reaches the city, but to minimise the impact of floods when they do occur, adaptation strategies are also needed. A city that can adapt to be safe from floods must be carefully designed. How best to design such an adaptive city?

Critical infrastructure, such as hospitals and evacuation routes, must be accessible at all times. Planning how to best protect them, homes and lives is complex. Flood water behaves in a complex way and flood risks show strong spatial variations. The IMPETUS Atlantic team is developing a digital tool to support regional decision making for adaptive city planning. 

Energy and waste water
High temperatures
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Energy and waste water

To become climate-neutral by 2050, climate mitigation* efforts are crucial in our strategy for how to deal with climate change. Reducing our energy consumption is a significant mitigation step. In the Netherlands, 15% of energy is consumed in the Rijnmond area around the port of Rotterdam, in large part by a major petrochemical industry cluster.

*Climate mitigation encompasses measures such as technologies, processes, or practices that reduce carbon emissions or enhance the sinks of greenhouse gases.

Map of Zeeland and Rotterdam in the Netherlands
Zeeland and Rotterdam in the Netherlands (© ESCI)
Zeeland dike
Zeeland dike

Issue

The Rotterdam port petrochemical industry cluster is Europe’s largest. It consumes 70% of the Rijnmond region’s energy. A large part of this energy is wasted (64%, 203 petajoules). More than half of that energy is lost with wastewater. In addition, most energy processes within these industries rely on fossil fuels, which has a significant impact on the climate.

Energy use must be minimised and fossil fuels should be replaced by renewable sources if climate change is to be mitigated. Electrification of processes opens up the possibility to use more renewable energy and can greatly impact decarbonisation. Recovering wasted heat would significantly reduce energy consumption and is a first step towards a more circular industry. 

Supporting industries in a transition towards climate-neutrality depends on identifying how best to reduce their carbon footprint without sacrificing production or performance. The IMPETUS Atlantic team is creating a digital tool that supports decision making about pathways towards an effective energy transition for EU industry.

High temperatures
Flood risk
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Eutrophication

Due to its fertile soils, Zemgale region in Latvia is characterised by an intensive agriculture where large-scale farming dominates. Agricultural activities are well developed and focus on the cultivation of crops.

During the last decade, the area of croplands in the region has increased along with application of high amounts of mineral fertilisers. Excessive loading of nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) lead to eutrophication of water bodies e.g., causing overgrowing of rivers, and thus putting a pressure on biodiversity and natural habitats.

Crop fields in Zemgale
Crop fields in Zemgale
Crop fields in Zemgale
Crop fields in Zemgale
Eutrophication in a water body in Zemgale
Eutrophication in a water body in Zemgale
Ecological quality of water in water bodies of Latvia in 2021 (source: State Limited Liability Company “Latvian Environment, Geology and Meteorology Centre” - LEGMC)
Ecological quality of water in water bodies of Latvia in 2021 (source: State Limited Liability Company “Latvian Environment, Geology and Meteorology Centre” - LEGMC)

Issue

Municipal wastewater effluent is another source of eutrophication in the region. Quite often performance of wastewater treatment facilities is not sufficiently effective to ensure complete purification of waste waters causing water pollution with nutrients. As the result the ecological water quality of the rivers in Zemgale region is mostly moderate or bad.

According to water quality monitoring data of 88 waterbodies located within the Lielupe River basin district, there are 53 waterbodies having significant disperse pollution load and 14 water bodies where point source pollution load prevails (Source: LEGMC, 2024).

Climate change related increase of temperature catalyses eutrophication processes in water bodies. Climate models predict continuation of the increase of temperature thus intensifying the symptoms of eutrophication in freshwaters. Therefore, along with reduction of use of fertilisers, improvement of municipal wastewater treatment facilities, application of additional measures to prevent nutrient runoffs from agricultural land and urban environment to water bodies is of pivotal importance.

Together with regional and local stakeholders in Zemgale region, IMPETUS project partners in Latvia are developing Zemgale regional climate change adaptation plan, that will highlight the possibilities and intention of implementation of nature base solutions, e.g., constructed wetlands in Zemgale region to reduce the nutrient leakages/runoffs, reduce eutrophication intensity and improve the quality of surface waters.

Extreme events
Flooding
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Flooding and water management

Tromsø city is located on an island in Arctic Norway, with the center being built mostly along the shore. Tromsø has been a fast-growing city for many years, and new buildings and infrastructure are settled at water areas through land reclamation.

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Issue

Increased precipitation, higher temperatures, and sea-level rise may affect urban water systems through more frequent storm surge and flooding. Other low-lying areas, such as the heritage district (“Gamlebyen”), built heritage sites, and commercial sites will be affected by flooding from extreme sea levels.

Tromsø is also affected by flooding due to sudden snow melting, occurring when temperature abruptly rises far above the melting point during winter, often associated with heavy rain. Such events are expected to increase with climate change.

These climate risks are challenging for the adaptation planning, both in a short and long-term perspective, as they are interdependent, complex, and affecting both public and private properties.

The Arctic Demo site is developing a digital twin as a tool to support municipal adaptive planning.

Natural hazard risks increasing
Sustainable management of fishery and aquaculture
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Natural hazard risks increasing

Northern Norway is a unique landscape with mountains jetting up out of the sea and fjords. This provides a major challenge for the road network, power transmission lines, and other important infrastructure.

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"Slushflows and wet snow avalanche occurrence will increase as rainfall in the Arctic increases by up to 40% with climate change. We must be prepared to adapt to these hazard events to ensure a safer society in the mountains, on roads and in settlements."

Louise Vick, UiT The Arctic University of Norway

"The risk of landslides to society in the Arctic is increasing due to event frequency increase due to climate change and from urbanisation. We do not fully understand the links between event drivers such as rainfall and mountain slope collapse leading to landslides. This relationship must be investigated further to have reliable and robust early warning."

Louise Vick, UiT The Arctic University of Norway

Issue

Many settlements and roads are built on the flatter terrain located at the bottom of a mountain slope near the coast or in valley bottoms. This leaves much of the infrastructure exposed to gravitational natural hazards such as snow avalanches, shallow landslides, and rockfalls.

With a warmer and wetter climate in northern Norway it is expected that the magnitude and frequency of gravitational natural hazards will change.

Sustainable management of fishery and aquaculture
Flooding and water management
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Sustainable management of fishery and aquaculture

Rising sea temperatures, ocean acidification, rising sea levels, along with more frequent and severe extreme weather events, significantly impact fish habitats, migration patterns, and reproduction cycles.

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"As marine environments are put under stress by increasing temperatures and a higher demand for space in the coastal zone, we hope to see that the integration of the Marine spatial planning framework leads to better informed decision-making and climate adaption in the region."

Andreas H. Hagset, Project Manager, Troms Fylkeskommune

Issue

Global warming and the resulting consequences influence fishery productivity, fish reproduction and health, as well as aquatic habitats. This leads to shifts in the distribution and abundance of fish stocks, affecting fishery, and in the suitability of sites for sustainable aquaculture. The climate change-related increase in extreme weather events further worsens these issues and enhances biological risks such as harmful algal blooms. These climate-related challenges necessitate adaptive planning strategies for both the short and long term.

To address this, the Arctic Demo site is developing a Geographic Information System (GIS)-based visualization tool to support the co-design of Marine Spatial Planning decisions between planners and stakeholders, for better planning for fishery, aquaculture, and other marine sectors.

Flooding and water management
Natural hazard risks increasing